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HOHHOT, CHINA - MARCH 16, 2025: A medical worker cares for a newborn at a hospital in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. Generous childcare subsidies across China aim to boost birth rates. (Photo by Liu Wenhua/China News Service/VCG via Getty Images)

Nancy Qian, Project Syndicate | August 22, 2025

To encourage fertility, China’s economy needs to grow fast enough to produce more high-paying jobs, but for the economy to grow, families need to have enough children to expand the working-age population. China’s economic future depends on figuring out how to square this circle.

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